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In-Depth Insights on Key Topics in International Shipping

THE ROLE OF THE FREIGHT FORWARDER

General conditions of international freight forwarders

The General Conditions govern the contractual relationship between the Freight Forwarder and their clients, defining obligations and responsibilities.

The Freight Forwarder, acting on behalf of the client, handles the conclusion of the transport contract and related operations with discretion and diligence. The conditions also specify the responsibilities related to goods, delivery terms, declarations and warranties of the Principal/Shipper, and the Freight Forwarder’s liability limits, including damages and claims.

Explore in depth the GENERAL CONDITIONS OF FREIGHT FORWARDERS

IN-DEPTH INSIGHT ON SEA TRANSPORT

Why choose international sea freight for your cargo?

Fewer Regulatory Constraints

Maritime transport involves fewer restrictions and regulations compared to air transport, thus offering a more flexible and accessible logistics process.

Competitive Cost

Shipping goods by sea is undoubtedly the most cost-effective option, allowing companies to significantly optimize their transportation expenses.

High Load Capacity

Cargo ships boast an extraordinary load capacity, making them ideal for large-volume shipments or oversized goods. This mode of transport proves especially advantageous for handling heavy loads, vehicles, machinery, and hazardous materials, making it the preferred choice for companies managing substantial quantities of cargo.

Access to Remote Destinations

Maritime transport allows reaching even very distant locations, provided they have adequate commercial ports, thereby expanding market opportunities.

Flexibility in Timing

Although delivery times are longer compared to other transport modes, this factor allows recipients to calmly prepare all the necessary import documentation, ensuring a more organized and stress-free logistics process.

The container and international shipping

Modern international shipping is primarily based on the use of containers — standardized cargo units that simplify and speed up the transport of goods worldwide. Let’s explore together the main features and costs associated with container shipping, a choice embraced by many companies to send products anywhere across the globe.

The History of the Container

The idea of the modern container is attributed to Malcom McLean, an American entrepreneur in the trucking industry. In the 1950s, McLean had a revolutionary insight: realizing that if goods were transferred inside a standardized container, the process of moving them from road to sea would be greatly simplified and sped up. This concept radically transformed both land and maritime transport, as well as port and railway infrastructure. Containerization had a huge impact on every stage of international logistics, prompting industries to design new vehicles, railway wagons, ships, and port equipment such as gantry cranes and rubber-tired gantry cranes. The containers themselves have also continuously evolved—from simple metal boxes to highly specialized solutions, such as those for transporting liquids, temperature-controlled goods, or granular products.

The container and international shipping

The History of the Container

The Impact of Containerization on Global Trade

The concept of containerization has significantly boosted international trade, giving a strong impetus to maritime transport and intercontinental exchanges, particularly between America, Europe, and Asia. With the widespread adoption of containers, it became possible to develop intermodality—that is, the seamless transfer of goods between different modes of transport (such as trucks, ships, and trains)—thus meeting the evolving needs of the logistics sector.

The continuous evolution of container transport has made global trade more accessible and cost-effective, accompanied by steady growth in infrastructure and logistical capabilities worldwide.

Full Container Load (FCL) or Less than Container Load (LCL)

Full Container Load (FCL)

Full Container Load (FCL) refers to a situation in which an entire container is exclusively allocated to the goods of a single company, even if the shipment is intended for one or more customers.

Advantages of FCL

Greater security: Since the container is dedicated to a single customer, the risk of damage or loss is lower compared to shared cargo. Once loaded directly at the supplier’s warehouse, the container is sealed and remains unopened until it reaches its final destination, where it is opened by the importer (except in cases of customs inspections, after which a new seal is applied).

Competitive costs: For large shipment volumes, FCL can be more cost-effective than other shipping methods such as LCL (Less than Container Load), as the fixed costs of the container are spread over a larger quantity of goods.

Full control: Having an exclusive container allows for more direct management and better oversight of the cargo, making delivery planning easier.

Faster transit times: With FCL, the container does not need to wait for cargo from other shippers to be consolidated, which speeds up the shipping process.

Disadvantages of FCL

Higher costs: Renting an entire container can be expensive, especially if the volume of goods does not fully utilize the container’s capacity.

Handling and logistics costs: Managing an FCL shipment may require more coordination and can involve additional logistics expenses, such as the loading of the container itself.

COC Container (Container Owned Container) or SOC Container (Shipper Owned Container)

There are various options available for each specific container transport need, but regardless of the choice, an initial decision must be made between using SOC containers or COC containers.

COC containers are owned by the carrier (i.e., the container ship or the shipping line responsible for the transport), while SOC containers are owned by the shipper.

COC – Carrier Owned Container A COC container is owned by the carrier, that is, the shipping company responsible for transporting the goods, and can be used for loading cargo during the journey. In this case, the customer pays a fee that covers all costs associated with the transport, including the rental of the container. Once the goods have been unloaded and the container emptied, it is returned to the carrier’s depot with no further obligations.

Advantages of COC:

Simplicity and Convenience: The management of the container is entirely the responsibility of the carrier, which simplifies the process for the shipper. The customer does not have to worry about maintenance, handling, or returning the container.

All-Inclusive Rate: The transport cost, including the container, is set by the carrier and is usually easier to calculate in advance.

Ideal for Standard Shipments: COC containers are ideal for sea shipments that follow high-volume routes with a steady flow of goods, ensuring streamlined logistics management.

Availability: Carriers generally have a large inventory of containers, making access to the service easy.

Discounts in Case of Imbalances: On certain routes, when there is an excess of empty containers (for example, in areas with trade imbalances), using a COC container can lead to discounts on transport rates.

Disadvantages of COC:

Fixed Costs: The price includes the container fee, which may be higher compared to a SOC on routes with lower cargo traffic.

Limited Control: The shipper has little control over the container, such as its condition, availability, and return management. This can be an issue for shipments that require specific types of containers.

Container Return: Once emptied, the container must be returned to the carrier, which may incur additional costs or delays if the return is not made promptly.

The standard ISO container

Standard ISO maritime containers are the most common and widely used models in international cargo transport. These containers are structured as metal parallelepipeds and are regulated by international standards that define their characteristics and dimensions. Each container is identified by a unique alphanumeric code, consisting of 4 letters (with the last letter always being “U” for standard containers) and 7 numbers, which allow for global tracking through telematics systems.

Standardization of ISO Container Dimensions

The dimensions of maritime containers were standardized internationally in 1967 to simplify the transport and handling of goods on a global scale. The measurements are expressed in feet and inches (imperial system), alongside the corresponding measurements in the International System (in millimeters). The most common container dimensions are:

20-foot container (6.1 m), equivalent to 1 TEU (Twenty-foot Equivalent Unit), a unit of measurement used to define the container’s capacity.

40-foot container (12.2 m), equivalent to 2 TEU or FEU (Forty-foot Equivalent Unit), an acronym representing a unit equivalent to forty feet.

Standard Height and Variants

Most ISO containers have a standard height of 8’6″ (2,591 mm) and are commonly known as “Box” containers. However, in recent years, High Cube containers have become increasingly popular, distinguished by their greater height of 9’6″ (2,896 mm). Despite the different heights, it is important to note that the height of the container does not affect the TEU calculation, which only measures the container’s volumetric capacity. TEU is essential for determining the hold capacity of a ship, the number of containers handled in a port, and sometimes, the cost of transport.

Types of ISO Containers

In addition to standard containers, there are other variants designed to meet specific needs in the maritime transport sector:

Box Containers: They have the same height and width as standard containers but with a longer length. They are used for bulky cargo.

High Cube: Taller containers (9’6″) compared to standard ones. They are ideal for bulky goods that require more height space.

Flat Rack: Containers without side walls, or with foldable side walls, ideal for transporting bulky or oversized goods such as machinery and vehicles.

Open Top: Containers with a removable roof, allowing for loading and unloading of goods from the top. They are suitable for special cargo that cannot be loaded through side doors.

Reefer: Temperature-controlled containers used for transporting temperature-sensitive products, such as fresh food, pharmaceuticals, or other perishable goods.

Use of ISO Containers in Maritime Transport

The standardization of ISO containers has revolutionized the maritime transport sector, simplifying international logistics and improving sea transport efficiency. Containers are used for a wide range of goods, from consumer products to industrial items, and are employed for sea, land, and rail transport. The flexibility of the different types of containers allows them to be adapted to various cargo needs, ensuring safety, efficiency, and cost-effectiveness for international shipments.

Types of Containers in Maritime Transport

In the world of maritime transport, there are various types of containers, each designed to meet specific logistical and cargo needs. The types of containers are divided into Standard Equipment and Special Equipment, based on their structure and functionality.

Standard Equipment

These are the most commonly used containers for transporting general cargo, with internationally standardized dimensions and characteristics.

20′ BOX
A 20-foot container (6.1 m), the most common size for transporting general cargo and small-sized goods. Equivalent to 1 TEU (Twenty-foot Equivalent Unit).

40′ BOX
A 40-foot container (12.2 m), used for bulky cargo. Equivalent to 2 TEU (Forty-foot Equivalent Unit).

20′ HIGH CUBE
A 20-foot container with a greater height than the standard box, measuring 9’6″ (2,896 mm), suitable for taller and bulkier cargo.

40′ HIGH CUBE
A 40-foot container with increased height, similar to the 20′ High Cube but with greater capacity in height, ideal for bulky cargo.

45′ HIGH CUBE
A 45-foot container with greater height than standard containers, designed for cargo that requires additional height space.

Special Equipment

These containers are designed for transporting goods that require special characteristics, such as non-standard dimensions or specific environmental conditions.

20′ FLAT RACK
A 20-foot container without side walls, used for transporting heavy or bulky cargo that cannot fit inside a traditional container. Ideal for vehicles, machinery, and other oversized goods.

40′ FLAT RACK
A 40-foot container without side walls, designed for even larger and heavier loads, particularly useful for transporting industrial goods or bulky items.

20′ OPEN TOP
A 20-foot container with a removable roof, suitable for loading goods from the top. Perfect for cargo that cannot be loaded through the side doors or for goods that exceed normal height.

40′ OPEN TOP
A 40-foot container with a removable roof, similar to the 20′ Open Top, but with greater capacity. Used for bulky or oversized cargo that requires top loading.

20′ REEFER
Used for transporting products that require specific temperature conditions, such as fresh food, pharmaceuticals, or perishable goods.

40′ REEFER
40-foot temperature-controlled container, similar to the 20′ Reefer but with greater capacity. Essential for transporting large quantities of temperature-sensitive goods.

40′ HIGH CUBE REEFER
40-foot High Cube temperature-controlled container, combining increased height with temperature control. Ideal for transporting large-sized cargo that requires precise temperature management.

ISOTANK
Tank container for the transport of liquids or gases, equipped with a full steel tank designed for the safe transportation of chemicals, food products, or other liquid goods. The cylindrical structure is designed to ensure safe and optimized handling of liquids.

CONTAINER PLATFORM

A platform container is a container without sides, ends, or a roof. It is used for out-of-gauge cargo that does not fit into any other type of container.

The specific dimensions and capacity of flat rack containers (FR containers) can vary depending on the container manufacturer, the container’s age, and ownership. The following specifications are representative of most flat rack containers.

CONTAINER GARMENTS ON HANGERS (GOH)

Garment On Hanger (GOH) containers are used for shipping high-quality garments. These containers offer customers the option to use a system of ropes, bars, or a combination of both. GOH containers provide greater flexibility, increased internal load capacity, and cost savings in transport and handling. GOH containers are available in 20′ and 40′ sizes.

Sea freight

Key factors influencing the calculation of ocean freight charges:

Ocean freight is the fee paid for the transportation of goods by sea. The calculation of ocean freight can vary based on several factors, including:

Type of Goods (Cargo and Container)

Type of Cargo: The type of goods can have a significant impact on the cost of ocean freight. For example:

Refrigerated Cargo (Reefer): Reefer containers require special handling, including maintaining controlled temperatures, which increases operational costs.

Dangerous Cargo: Hazardous goods require special safety measures, so handling and transportation costs are higher.

Non-Containerized Cargo vs. Containerized Cargo: Loading goods into standard containers (20′ or 40′) is more cost-effective compared to non-containerized or break-bulk cargo, which require more time and labor for port handling.

Type of container: The size and type of container also affect the freight cost. For example:

20′ containers (TEU) and 40′ containers (FEU) are more cost-effective than special containers (flat rack, open top).

FCL or LCL: the choice between a full container or partial container affects the maritime freight cost.

Distance from the loading location to the port: the greater the distance, the higher the handling cost. This expense can

also increase based on the accessibility of the location to be reached and the amount of material to be collected and possibly stored.

Route: The shipping routes for container transport by sea that tend to be more expensive depend on various factors, including distance, supply and demand for space, port congestion, and geographical characteristics.

Type of vessel and service: Different types of ships and maritime services (e.g., container, bulk carrier, ro-ro) may have different rates. For example, a container service may have different freight costs compared to a tanker vessel.

Supply and Demand (Peak Season and Off-Peak)

Peak Season: During high-demand periods, such as holidays (e.g., Christmas or Chinese New Year), the demand for container space increases significantly. The peak season leads to higher transportation costs as shipping companies apply surcharges (Peak Season Surcharge, PSS) to reflect the increased volumes and limited capacity.

Off-Peak: Conversely, during low-demand periods (off-peak seasons), shipping companies may offer lower rates to encourage cargo, thereby reducing the cost of maritime freight.

Port Congestion

Port congestion is another critical factor that can increase maritime freight costs. If major ports are heavily congested (e.g., Port of Los Angeles, Rotterdam, Shanghai), ships may experience delays, handling costs rise, and there is a higher likelihood of having to pay for terminal delays.

Fuel (Fuel Surcharge)

Fuel cost is a key component in calculating maritime freight charges. When fuel prices rise, shipping companies apply a fuel surcharge to cover the increased operational costs of the vessels.

Risks and Global Conditions (Security, War Risk Surcharge)

Security Surcharge: In some areas, cargo security is a major concern, especially in high-risk transit points (e.g., Gulf of Aden). Shipping companies may apply a security surcharge to cover the additional costs related to vessel protection.

War Risk Surcharge: If a ship has to pass through a conflict zone or a high-risk area (such as areas prone to piracy), shipping companies may apply a “war risk surcharge” to cover the additional risk associated with the voyage.

Market Forecasts and Trends

Global Economic Factors: The demand for maritime transportation can be influenced by the health of the global economy, trade policies, customs tariffs, and trade wars. Events such as the COVID-19 pandemic have had a significant impact on the demand for shipping freight, causing unpredictable fluctuations in costs.

There are many factors that affect maritime freight rates.

To accurately calculate maritime freight costs, it is advisable to consult an international freight forwarder who can provide a quote based on the specific transportation requirements.

Solas VGM

The International Maritime Organization (IMO) introduced the SOLAS (Safety of Life at Sea) regulation starting from July 1, 2016, with the aim of ensuring the safety of commercial navigation and protecting human life at sea.

What is VGM (Verified Gross Mass) Weighing?

The Verified Gross Mass (VGM) is the verified gross weight of a container, which is obtained by adding the net weight of the cargo to the weight of the container itself. In other words, the VGM represents the total weight of the container, including the cargo and the empty container.

What Does the SOLAS Regulation Say?

Starting from July 1, 2016, it is mandatory for every single container to obtain and communicate its Verified Gross Mass before being loaded onto a ship. This requirement was introduced through an amendment to Chapter VI of SOLAS, which deals with the transportation of maritime cargo.

The amendment is accompanied by the Guidelines prepared by the IMO and, at the national level, is regulated by Executive Decree No. 447/2016 and Circular No. 125/2016. 125/2016. The purpose of this regulation is to improve safety at sea by allowing terminal operators to perform more accurate and reliable load calculations for ships.

Why is Regulation Necessary?

This regulation was introduced to reduce maritime accidents caused by discrepancies in the declared weights on shipping documents, which often did not match the actual weight of the cargo. Such discrepancies led to issues with load imbalance on ships, with potentially fatal consequences.

Weighing Methods for the VGM (Verified Gross Mass)

Method 1: Weighing the Loaded Container

Method 1 requires that the container be weighed after it has been loaded, sealed, and closed. In this case, the weighing is carried out as follows:

Before Loading: The vehicle and the empty container are weighed.

After Loading: The vehicle with the fully loaded container is weighed again.

Alternative: A single weighing of the vehicle + container can be performed, subtracting the weight of the vehicle, the trailer, and the fuel in the tank.

Method 2: Weighing the Goods Before Loading.

Method 2 involves weighing the goods (including lashing materials, strapping, and packaging) separately before being loaded into the container. This method is only permitted for companies that hold an AEO/ISO 9001 or ISO 28000 certification, provided they have weighing procedures certified by accredited bodies in accordance with international quality standards.

Rely on an Experienced Partner in Maritime Transport.

For safe maritime transport that complies with international regulations, it’s essential to choose a competent and reliable logistics partner. With an expert by your side, you can be confident that your shipment will be handled in accordance with the rules, ensuring both the safety and efficiency of the process.

How to properly load a dry box container: rules and guidelines

The proper loading of a container is crucial to ensure both the safety of transport operations and the integrity of the goods. Improperly distributed cargo or insufficient lashing can cause damage not only to the transported goods but also pose risks to the safety of operators and equipment.

The Basic Rules for Correctly Loading a Dry Container Box

Below are some of the main guidelines for loading a container safely and efficiently:

Check the Integrity of the Container Before proceeding with the loading, it’s essential to verify that the container is free from damage, both externally and internally. Check for any cracks, holes, or deformities.

A good practice is to document the condition of the container with photographs, both before, during, and after loading. This step is often required by the consignee or client at the destination to confirm the integrity of the container and its contents.

Internal Inspection of the Container To ensure there are no hidden punctures or damage, an effective method is to temporarily close the container doors and check for any air leakage or sounds that could indicate structural damage.

Balanced Load Distribution The cargo must be evenly distributed inside the container to avoid imbalances that could cause damage during transport. In particular, it is important to:

Place heavy loads at the bottom of the container to ensure stability.

Do not overload light goods with heavier items, to avoid damaging the lighter goods or causing shifting during transport.

Lashing and Stabilizing the Load During the journey, the container will undergo stresses (sudden braking, tight turns on the road, oscillations on board the ship, etc.) that could compromise the safety of the goods if the load is not properly secured.

For proper cargo handling, it is crucial to upright the load with additional materials, such as:

Polystyrene panels to prevent items from shifting.

Airbags (inflatable bags) to fill empty spaces and prevent movement.

Wooden blocks nailed to the container floor to ensure the load remains stationary.

Ropes or cables tied to the container’s internal tie-down rings to securely anchor the load.

Respecting the Maximum Allowed Weight Each container has a maximum weight limit indicated on the external door. It is important not to exceed this limit to avoid damage to the container or issues during transport. Additionally, some importing countries may have stricter regulations regarding the maximum weight of cargo. Make sure to comply with local regulations to avoid penalties or delays.

The Importance of Proper Loading

Improper loading not only compromises the safety of the cargo and personnel but can also result in significant economic damage. An improperly distributed or unstabilized load can lead to damage to the goods, accidents during transport, and delays in unloading operations.

The container seal

The Container Box Seal: Security and Cargo Control

Once the goods have been loaded into the container and the doors are closed, it is essential to secure the doors using a seal in the designated rings. This seal ensures the integrity of the cargo during transport, confirming that the container will not be opened during the journey.

The Function of the Container Seal

The container seal must be sturdy and tamper-resistant to prevent any unauthorized attempts to open it. Only specific tools, such as a double-lever cutting pliers, can remove it, ensuring that the container remains intact until it reaches its destination.

The seal may be provided by the shipping company, the carrier, or the shipper itself. Additionally, customs authorities and other public agencies may place their own seals on the containers if cargo inspections are required.

Seal Registration and the Bill of Lading

The seal number affixed to the container (both the one placed at the end of the loading process and the one applied by authorities following a customs inspection) must be recorded in the Bill of Lading, along with other essential shipping details. The customs documentation should reflect the seal number to ensure proper management of the goods and accurate tracking during transport.

Customs Inspections: Removal of the Seal for Cargo Inspection

In the case of customs inspections, authorities have the right to remove the container seal in order to inspect the cargo. Customs agencies worldwide may decide to open a container entering or leaving the territory to verify its contents. This decision may be based on random checks or risk-based analysis.

After completing the inspection, customs authorities must affix a guarantee seal to the container, certifying that the contents have not been altered during the inspection. The most commonly used guarantee seals are cable seals, but in some cases, nail seals or, less frequently, strap seals may also be used.

Update of the Bill of Lading

When the seal is removed for inspection, the number of the new seal must be updated in the Bill of Lading. This update is crucial to maintain accurate tracking of the container throughout the transport process and to ensure that customs operations are properly documented.

Security, Traceability, and Compliance

The container seal is not only a security measure to prevent tampering but also a tool that ensures compliance with international transport and trade regulations. Proper management of seals and customs operations contributes to safe and smooth transportation, reducing the risk of damage or delays.

The open-top container: easy and secure loading for oversized cargo

The Open Top container is one of the most commonly used solutions in maritime transport for goods that are larger than standard sizes or require special loading methods. Unlike standard containers, the Open Top container features an open roof, allowing access to the cargo from above. This type of container is designed to facilitate the loading of bulky goods that might not fit through the traditional container doors, such as heavy machinery, construction equipment, large pipes, and other voluminous cargo. Additionally, the open structure allows the use of cranes or other lifting devices, making the loading and unloading process easier and faster, especially for cargo that cannot be moved using traditional methods.

In terms of security, the Open Top container also offers an advantage as its design allows for better load balancing, reducing the risk of damage to goods during transport. The ease of loading and the greater adaptability to irregularly shaped cargo make it an excellent choice for those who need to transport bulky goods safely and efficiently.

When to Use the Open Top Container

The Open Top container is ideal when the cargo cannot be loaded or unloaded through the traditional container doors. This typically occurs with bulky, heavy, or irregularly shaped goods. Some common examples include:

Heavy machinery (e.g., excavators, bulldozers, mining equipment)
Large pipes or industrial products with lengths or diameters that prevent the use of traditional container doors.
Wood logs, which require top-loading.
Steel coils, which due to their size and weight cannot be properly stowed in standard containers.

In these cases, the Open Top container offers clear advantages. The flexibility of top-loading, combined with the ability to access the container from one side (when necessary), makes it an ideal option for goods that require special handling.

Out Of Gauge (OOG) Open Top Container

An additional advantage of the Open Top container is the ability to load goods that exceed the standard dimensions of a container, meaning cargo that cannot fit within the defined size limits for conventional containers. When the cargo exceeds the standard height, width, or length of a container, it is referred to as Out Of Gauge (OOG) cargo.

Out of Gauge (OOG) cargo requires special handling and the use of containers capable of accommodating loads that do not meet the standard dimensions. The Open Top container is often the preferred choice in these cases, as it offers more space and flexibility to accommodate non-standard sized cargo. However, transporting OOG goods involves additional costs, as the rates for transporting Out of Gauge cargo are generally higher due to the need for specialized logistics and extra space on ships or other transport vehicles.

Additionally, the fact that the Open Top container can accommodate cargo exceeding standard height or width makes it a versatile solution for industries dealing with non-standard sized products or loads that require extra protection during transport, such as agricultural machinery or construction equipment.

The Tarpaulin Cover: Essential Protection for Cargo

Since the Open Top container has an open roof, it is crucial to protect the cargo being transported inside. In this case, the tarpaulin cover becomes essential. The tarpaulin is made of durable, waterproof materials and serves to protect the load from weather conditions, dust, dirt, and other damages during transport. Specifically, the tarpaulin prevents the cargo from being damaged by water or humidity, thereby avoiding irreparable damage to sensitive goods such as electronic products, chemicals, or perishable items.

The tarpaulin, which can be provided with both the Open Top container and the Out Of Gauge container, must be designed to cover the entire open surface of the container. The tarpaulin becomes even more important when the container is carrying Out Of Gauge cargo, as it must cover a larger surface area compared to standard-sized containers. In this case, the cost of the tarpaulin will generally be higher, as it needs to fit and protect a wider area.

The cost of protecting the cargo with a tarpaulin also varies depending on the type of material of the cargo and the size of the container. However, the value of the extra protection it provides is indispensable to ensure that the goods arrive safely at their destination. Additionally, the use of the tarpaulin is a regulatory requirement in many cases, to ensure that the cargo is protected and that the transport complies with international safety regulations.

Proper loading of an open-top container

THE CORRECT LOADING OF AN OPEN TOP CONTAINER

The loading of an Open Top container requires particular attention and adequate planning to ensure safety, efficiency, and cargo integrity during transport. The Open Top container, due to its structure without a rigid roof, allows access from above, making it ideal for transporting bulky or voluminous goods that cannot be loaded through standard doors. However, incorrect loading can cause damage to the cargo, load imbalance, or compromise safety during transport. Here is a detailed guide on how to properly load an Open Top container:

1. Checking the Container Conditions

Before starting any loading operation, it is essential to ensure that the Open Top container is in good condition. This includes:

Wall Inspection: Check for any visible damage such as cracks or fissures in the walls, especially in the upper part, which could compromise the safety of the cargo.

Door Inspection: Ensure that the doors can be closed properly and that there is no damage to the locking mechanisms.

Check the structure: Make sure the anchor points and eyelets are in good condition to ensure the load is properly secured.

2. Load distribution

A balanced distribution of the load is essential to avoid damage to both the goods and the container. Since the Open Top container is open at the top, the load may be more exposed than with other types of containers. Therefore:

Place heavy loads on the floor: The heaviest loads must be placed at the bottom of the container to ensure better stability during transport.

Distribute the weight evenly: Make sure the weight of the load is equally distributed over the entire surface of the container to prevent the risk of imbalance.

Avoid overloading: Never exceed the maximum weight allowed, which is indicated on the container door and may vary based on the destination country’s regulations.

3. Use of Securing Devices

To prevent goods from shifting during transport, it is essential to use the correct securing (lashing) system. Proper lashing protects the goods from damage caused by swaying, sudden braking, and movement of the vessel.

Ropes: Use lashing ropes or cables to securely fasten the goods to the container’s anchor points.

Additional support elements: When necessary, you can add stabilization systems such as airbags, polystyrene panels, or wooden chocks to fill empty spaces and ensure the load doesn’t move.

Anchor to specific points: If the container has specific eyelets or hooks for lashing, be sure to use them to secure the load.

4. Load Covering with Tarpaulin

Since the Open Top container does not have a rigid roof, the cargo must be protected with a heavy-duty tarpaulin to shield it from adverse weather conditions, such as rain or dust, during transportation. The tarpaulin must be waterproof, durable, and capable of withstanding stress during transit.

It is normally provided with the container by the shipping company.

Full Coverage: The tarpaulin must completely cover the cargo and be securely fastened to the sides of the container to prevent it from shifting or getting damaged during transit.

Check the tarpaulin’s integrity: Before departure, ensure that the tarpaulin has no punctures or damage that could compromise the protection of the cargo.

5. Seal Documentation and Inspection

After loading is complete, close the doors and secure the tarpaulin, then affix the seals — one on the tarpaulin and one on the door locking latch.

The seals must be tamper-resistant and numbered for easy identification.

Cargo Documentation: Ensure that all required documents are up to date and that the seal numbers are correctly indicated on the Bill of Lading. This information is essential for tracking the container and ensuring there are no discrepancies during transport.

6. Final Considerations on the Type of Cargo

Finally, when loading an Open Top container, it is essential to consider the type of cargo you are transporting. Some types of cargo, such as sensitive materials or chemicals, may require additional precautions, such as:

Weather Protection: If the cargo is sensitive to moisture, in addition to the tarpaulin, it may be necessary to use additional protective materials, such as silica gel packets or moisture barriers.

If your cargo needs to be loaded into an Open Top container and you are unable to carry out the loading yourself, we’ve got you covered! We pick up the cargo by truck, transfer it to our warehouses, and handle the stuffing process for you.

Contact us for a quote!

The flat rack container

The Flat Rack container is a type of container open on the sides and top, ideal for transporting cargo that exceeds height or width limits, such as machinery, vehicles, timber, pipes, and large-sized loads in general. Thanks to its versatile structure, the Flat Rack is used for transporting oversized cargo that cannot be accommodated in standard containers.

Features of the Flat Rack Container

The Flat Rack is available in two main sizes: 20 feet and 40 feet, both in the standard and High Cube (HC) versions, with the latter offering greater height compared to the standard model.

20-Foot Flat Rack:

Length: approximately 5.9 meters

Width: 2.4 meters

Side wall height: 2.29 meters

40-Foot Flat Rack (Standard):

Length: approximately 11.65 meters

Width: 2.37 meters

Side wall height: 1.96 meters

The side walls are present only at the ends of the container and can be either fixed or foldable, depending on the model. These walls simplify the loading and unloading process, offering greater flexibility in transportation operations.

Types of Flat Rack

Flat Rack with Fixed Ends
Flat Rack containers with fixed ends have sturdy end walls that provide greater stability and strength during transportation. This type of container is particularly suitable for transporting heavy or delicate cargo, as the fixed walls offer better protection compared to foldable models. Additionally, their structure allows for easier loading and unloading from above, improving efficiency in handling operations.

Flat Rack with Folding Ends
Folding Flat Rack containers have walls that open or fold down along the shorter ends. This feature creates a completely flat surface, making it easier to handle large-sized cargo. Additionally, the folding ends allow for more efficient stacking and shipping of empty containers, reducing costs and optimizing space during transport.

Loading a flat rack container

The positioning and loading of a Flat Rack generally take place at the port terminal rather than directly at the company supplying the cargo.

Flat Rack Container Loading Procedures

Cargo Preparation and Transfer to the Port Terminal

The cargo is typically picked up by truck from the loading company and then transported to the port terminal. At the terminal, the container stuffing takes place, which is the process of loading the cargo onto the Flat Rack.

Cargo Securing and Fastening

After correctly positioning the cargo, it must be secured. This is done through lashing operations, which involve fastening the cargo using straps, chains, buckles, and tensioners. These tools are used to secure the load to the Flat Rack, preventing any movement during transport. Lashing is carried out with great care to avoid any cargo movement that could compromise the safety and integrity of the goods.

Cargo Protection

Since the Flat Rack is open on both the sides and the top, the cargo is exposed to the elements during transport. To protect the load from damage caused by rain, dust, or other weather conditions, waterproof tarps or covers can be used to cover the cargo.

Contact us for a Personalized Consultation on Flat Rack Container Transport!

If you’re looking for an experienced partner for the transport of oversized cargo, contact us. Our team of experts is ready to help you choose the best solution for your needs and ensure safe and hassle-free transportation.

The bill of lading

The Bill of Lading: What It Is and Its Role in Maritime Transport

The Bill of Lading (B/L), known in Italian as the “polizza di carico,” is one of the most important documents in the world of international and domestic sea shipments. It serves as the official proof of the contract of carriage for goods and plays a crucial role in the management of cargo and maritime transport. This document facilitates commercial relationships between exporters, importers, and carriers, ensuring the security of transactions and the smoothness of transportation.

Legal Framework of the Bill of Lading

In Italy, the Bill of Lading is governed by Section V of the 1942 Navigation Code, specifically Articles 457 to 467, which regulate the contract of maritime carriage. At the international level, the Bill of Lading is regulated by the International Brussels Convention of 1924, subsequently amended by the Protocols of 1968 and 1979, which updated its provisions in light of new requirements and technological advancements in the maritime sector.

The Main Functions of the Bill of Lading

The Bill of Lading serves three fundamental functions:

1. 1.Proof of the Contract of Carriage:
  The Bill of Lading is a document issued by the maritime carrier following the conclusion of a sea transport contract with the shipper. It specifies the terms of the transport, the rights and obligations of both parties involved, and provides detailed information about the cargo to be transported. The Bill of Lading consists of two parts: a front side, which contains all the mandatory legal data, and a back side, which may include additional clauses negotiable between the parties.
2. 2.Receipt of Cargo Acceptance:
  The issuance of the Bill of Lading constitutes a receipt confirming that the carrier has taken charge of the cargo. It not only proves that the goods have been loaded onto the transport vessel but also certifies the carrier’s acceptance of the goods for transportation.
3. 3.Document of Title Representing the Goods:
  The Bill of Lading grants the holder numerous rights, including:

- the right to claim delivery of the goods described in it, meaning that the holder of the Bill of Lading is entitled to receive the goods from the carrier upon arrival at the port of destination.
- Possession of the goods described therein: whoever holds the title is considered the possessor of the goods, and therefore, the delivery of the bill of lading is equivalent to the delivery of the goods.
- The power to dispose of the goods through transfer of title: ownership of the goods may be transferred multiple times during transit by means of endorsement. However, this is only possible when the bill of lading is issued “to order”, that is, when the consignee box contains the wording “To order of”. If, on the other hand, a specific consignee is named, the document is considered non-negotiable and non-transferable, as the rightful holder is already identified.
  Through the right to transfer title, the holder of the bill of lading can transfer possession of the goods to other parties. This feature enables the bill of lading to be used as the underlying document in a contract of sale of goods.

Key Features of the Bill of Lading

In summary, the Bill of Lading serves the following main functions:

1.Negotiable Instrument
The Bill of Lading is a negotiable instrument, meaning it can be transferred to third parties. The transfer occurs through endorsement, which allows the new holder to acquire the right to dispose of the goods.
2.Document of Title to the Goods
The Bill of Lading is also a document of title to the goods: it grants the legitimate holder the right to claim the goods at the port of destination upon presentation of the original document. In practice, possession of the Bill of Lading is equivalent to possession of the goods.
3.Divisible Title
The Bill of Lading can be divided into multiple delivery orders at the shipper’s request. This allows the goods to be distributed among different recipients, making shipment management more flexible, especially in cases of multiple destinations.

The Fundamental Elements of the Bill of Lading

The Fundamental Elements of the Bill of Lading

The Bill of Lading must contain a series of crucial pieces of information to ensure the proper execution of the transport contract and the legal security of the parties involved:

1.The Shipper or Forwarder
The name of the shipper, that is, the person or company entrusting the goods to the carrier for transport, must be indicated. In some cases, the forwarder may also be named, acting as an intermediary between the sender and the carrier.
2.Name of the Vessel
It is essential that the Bill of Lading includes the name of the vessel that will carry out the maritime transport of the goods. This information identifies the means of transport used for the shipment.
3. Port of Loading
The port of loading must be indicated, that is, the place where the goods are loaded onto the vessel.
3. Port of Loading
The port of loading must be indicated, that is, the place where the goods are loaded onto the vessel.
5. Sailing Date
The Bill of Lading must indicate the sailing date of the vessel.
6.Name and Signature of the Carrier
The carrier’s signature (the shipping company) is a key element. It confirms the company’s commitment to transport the goods under the conditions established in the contract.
7.Description of the Goods
The Bill of Lading must contain a detailed description of the goods, as provided by the shipper. The clause “said to contain” is also included, meaning that the description is supplied by the sender and may not have been verified by the carrier.
8.Nature, Quality, and Quantity of the Goods
It is important that the Bill of Lading also states the nature, quality, and quantity of the goods to be transported, along with the number of packages and the marks identifying them. This information is necessary to correctly identify the goods and verify their conformity.
9.Apparent Condition of the Goods and Packaging
The Bill of Lading must describe the apparent condition of the goods and their packaging at the time of loading. This description helps to determine any damage or irregularities when the goods are received by the carrier.
10.“On Board” Notation
It is essential to include the “on board” notation, signed by the ship’s captain, which certifies that the goods have been actually loaded on board the vessel. This notation is an important step in verifying the goods and confirming their loading.

BILL OF LADING: SOME TYPES

There are different methods of issuing the Bill of Lading:

1. Original Bill of Lading

The original Bill of Lading is the most common and formal type of Bill of Lading, issued by the shipping company when the goods are taken in charge by the carrier. The main characteristic of this document is that it is negotiable, meaning it can be transferred to third parties. Delivery of the goods at the destination occurs only after the consignee presents the original Bill of Lading.

Methods of Issuance:

Issued by the shipping company at the time the goods are taken in charge by the carrier.

The policy can be issued in multiple original copies (usually 3), all valid for the collection of the goods, but only the presentation of one of these originals will guarantee the return of the merchandise.

Endorsement of the document: Since the policy is negotiable, it can be transferred to third parties through endorsement, allowing the holder to transfer the right to collect the goods.

2. Telex Release

Telex Release is an electronic procedure that allows the release of goods without presenting the original Bill of Lading. This option is usually used when the shipper cannot send the physical document to the consignee.

Methods of Issuance:

The shipping company issues the original Bill of Lading and keeps it at their office without sending it to the consignee.

Via email or electronic system, the shipping company’s office notifies the agent at the destination port that the goods can be released without the need to present the original Bill of Lading.

Advantages: it speeds up customs clearance and facilitates the release of goods, particularly useful when the shipper is unable to send physical documents or when the shipment is urgent.

3. Sea Waybill (Express Release Bill of Lading)

The Sea Waybill, also known as the Express Release Bill of Lading, is a non-negotiable and nominative version of the Bill of Lading. This document is not representative of the goods, meaning it does not transfer the right to collect the merchandise to anyone in possession of it, but only to the specified consignee.

Methods of Issuance:

The shipping company issues a Sea Waybill instead of a negotiable Bill of Lading, and the named consignee is the only one authorized to collect the goods.

The presentation of an original document is not required for the release of the goods.

No possibility of transfer of ownership: in this case, the goods cannot be transferred to third parties because the document is non-negotiable.

When it is used:

When it is not necessary to transfer ownership of the goods during transportation.

In cases of shipments where the buyer has already paid in advance or when there is a strong trust relationship between the seller and the buyer.

When the payment has already been made and no further bank checks are required.

DETAILED INSIGHT INTO AIR FREIGHT TRANSPORTATION

Why choose international air cargo transport?

Fast transit
Air transport allows covering long distances in extremely short times, thus meeting urgent shipping needs.

Less cargo handling
This mode of transport reduces the need for cargo handling, thereby also decreasing the risk of theft and damage. Thanks to a more controlled handling system, air transport is a safe choice for shipping high-value goods or delicate items.

Reliability in Arrivals and Departures
Choosing air freight ensures better tracking and greater certainty that goods will reach their destination on time. The incident rate is significantly low, thus guaranteeing punctual delivery.

International Air Transport: Passenger Flights and All-Cargo Flights

International air transport can take place through different methods, which vary based on the quantity, type of goods to be shipped, and specific logistical requirements. Each option has advantages and limitations depending on the characteristics of the cargo and the required delivery times.

Differences between express air transport and international air transport

International Air Transport

International air transport refers to the movement of goods globally through a network of IATA agents, handlers, and airlines. This type of transport can be carried out via all-cargo aircraft (fully dedicated to freight) or in the belly holds of passenger planes (known as cargo belly).

International air freight shipments are generally more cost-effective for loads larger than one cubic meter, as the cost tends to be more advantageous when shipping a significant quantity of goods. This type of shipment is particularly suitable for those who need to send large volumes of merchandise, with logistics focused less on delivery speed and more on the efficiency of air transport.

Express Air Transport

Express Air Transport is a highly specialized service managed by express courier companies offering a door-to-door solution for rapid shipments, often guaranteeing delivery times of less than 5 working days (depending on the destination). International couriers connect over 220 countries worldwide through an integrated global network, utilizing advanced IT management systems to optimize cargo flow and ensure maximum efficiency.
One of the main features of express air transport is multimodal integration, which combines road (truck) transport with air transport to ensure shipments are delivered in the shortest possible time, while simultaneously reducing the number of kilometers traveled and environmental impact. This system achieves a perfect balance of speed and cost-efficiency.
Express air transport is often the preferred solution when urgent shipments of relatively small size are needed. In fact, for smaller packages, express service can be more economical than traditional air transport, as costs are calculated based on the exact weight and volume of the goods.

Comparison between International Air Transport and Express Air Transport

When to Choose an Express Service?

Express air transport is the ideal choice when delivery speed is a priority and the shipment size is relatively small (under 1 m³). Additionally, this service is particularly advantageous when door-to-door delivery is needed—from pickup to direct delivery to the recipient—with real-time tracking throughout the journey. The express service is also beneficial for shipping high-value goods that require fast handling and delivery.

In summary, the choice between international air transport and express air transport mainly depends on volume, delivery times, and logistical needs. If the shipment is urgent and of small size, the express service is the ideal solution. For larger and less urgent shipments, international air transport may be the more economical and practical choice.

Characteristic	International Air Transport	Express Air Transport
Type of goods	Large-sized goods (over 1 m³)” oppure “Large goods (exceeding 1 m³)	Small and medium-sized shipments
Delivery times	Longer, generally non-urgent	Fast turnaround times, often with delivery within 24-48 hours
Costs	More economical for large volume shipments	More economical for small-sized shipments
Transport network	Operated by traditional airlines, IATA network	Managed by global express couriers, intermodal network

International air transport: types of available flights

1. Passenger Flights (Belly Cargo)

In this mode, goods are transported in the cargo hold of passenger aircraft, also known as the “belly cargo.” In practice, in addition to passenger baggage, the aircraft’s hold also accommodates mail, cargo, and special air containers designed to fit the shape of the hold to transport the goods.

Advantages:

• High flight frequency: Since passenger planes fly regularly and with high frequency, there is greater availability of space for transporting goods.
• Lower cost: Compared to other solutions, transportation in the belly cargo is generally less expensive, especially for smaller loads.

Limitations:

• It’s not possible to transport loads taller than 156 cm, which can be a constraint for certain types of goods.
• Mainly suitable for small and medium-sized shipments.

2. All-Cargo Flights

All-cargo flights are dedicated exclusively to the transport of goods and do not carry passengers. These flights are used for large-sized, high-volume, or special types of goods that cannot be transported in the hold of passenger flights. The main characteristic of all-cargo flights is their ability to accommodate larger-sized goods, with heights greater than 156 cm, as well as cargo that requires special handling.

Advantages:

• Greater loading capacity: All-cargo flights are designed to transport large quantities of goods and bulky or heavy loads.
• Suitable for oversized goods: If the merchandise is of a particular size or exceeds the height limits allowed on passenger flights, all-cargo is the ideal solution.
• Increased specialization: Some all-cargo flights offer specific solutions for delicate or hazardous goods, with advanced security and control equipment.

Limitations:

• Lower flight frequency: Compared to passenger flights, all-cargo flights have lower availability and less frequent routes, which could impact delivery times.
• Higher cost: Transportation via all-cargo flights tends to be more expensive, as these flights are dedicated exclusively to goods and therefore have limited capacity.
•

Choosing the Right Flight Type for Your Needs

The choice between passenger flights (belly cargo) and all-cargo flights depends on the specific characteristics of the goods to be shipped:

• If you need to ship goods that are small in size or not particularly urgent, belly cargo is often the most cost-effective and efficient solution.
• However, if your shipment includes large, heavy, or special items, the all-cargo service is the best choice, even though it’s more expensive.

Contact us to find the air transport solution that best suits your needs!

How to Calculate Air Freight Charges for Cargo Transport

How to Calculate Air Freight Charges for Cargo Transport

Air freight represents the cost a customer must pay for the air transport of goods. It’s calculated based on various factors that influence cargo handling, logistics, and the type of service required. Let’s look at the main steps and parameters involved in calculating air freight.

Key Factors in Air Freight Calculation

1. Actual Weight vs Volumetric Weight Air freight charges are calculated based on two main variables: the actual weight and the volumetric weight of the goods. Depending on the size and nature of the cargo, one of these values may be higher, and the greater of the two will be used to determine the shipping cost.

Actual Weight (or Gross Weight): This is the actual weight of the goods, including the packaging.

Volumetric Weight: This is a value calculated based on the volume of the goods. Since some items can be very light but bulky (such as duvets or pillows), a system is used that takes the item’s volume into account to determine an “equivalent” weight.

Volumetric weight is calculated using the following formula:

Volumetric Weight = Volume in cubic meters × 167 (kg/m³)

If the volumetric weight is greater than the actual weight, the volumetric weight becomes the chargeable weight — that is, the value used to calculate the shipping cost.

2. Weight or Volume-Based Rates
Once the chargeable weight has been determined, the air freight cost will be calculated based on a rate per kilogram or, in some cases, per volume — especially if the goods are particularly light or bulky.

Air carriers generally offer weight-based rates for heavy shipments and volume-based rates for lighter but bulkier cargo.

3. Type of Goods and Additional Services The type of goods also affects the calculation of air freight charges. Some types of goods require special handling or specific management, which may involve additional costs. Here are a few examples:

- •Dangerous goods (e.g., flammable materials, explosives, chemicals): Require special handling and additional documentation. These shipments incur a surcharge for safe handling and transportation.
- •Temperature-controlled: If the goods need to be transported at a specific temperature (e.g., pharmaceuticals or perishable food), special containers and refrigerated aircraft are required, increasing the transportation cost.
- •Special handling services: If the goods are fragile, bulky, or require delicate handling, there will be additional costs for loading and unloading.

4. Destination and Route
The final destination of the goods is another crucial factor in determining the air freight cost. Longer routes,

those with fewer direct flights, or less frequently served routes, typically have higher costs.

Less-served destinations: If the destination is in a hard-to-reach location or has limited flight availability, the cost tends to

increase

Transit stops: If the shipment requires a stopover at another airport or an indirect route, this can lead to increased costs, as it may involve additional fees and longer transit times.

how much the flight time and resource usage increase.

5. Seasonality (Peak Season)
During periods of high demand, such as the Christmas holidays, sales seasons, or other peak times, air freight costs can increase. Airlines often adjust their rates based on aircraft space availability and transportation demand.

•Peak periods (such as Christmas, summer holidays, Black Friday) lead to higher demand for airspace, which can cause rates to increase.
•Increased demand: When transportation demand exceeds supply (e.g., during international events or emergencies), air freight costs can rise.

Air Cargo Transport Documents (AWB)

The Air Waybill (AWB)

The Air Waybill (AWB) is a crucial document in air cargo transportation. It certifies the agreement between the shipper and the airline, providing details about the cargo, transportation conditions, and the obligations of the parties involved. Below are the main aspects of this document:

1. Structure and Copies of the AWB

The AWB is issued in multiple copies, usually eight, each in a different color, for various purposes and recipients:

Original Copies:

Green: Original for the carrier (the airline) and contains the transportation information.

Pink: Original for the consignee, which accompanies the cargo and must be presented to collect it.

Blue: Copy for the shipper (sender), given to the freight forwarder after the airline has accepted the cargo.

These first three copies are the most important for the transportation process.

Additionally, there are courtesy copies or customs copies, which are used for completing customs formalities and other administrative requirements.

2. Main Functions of the AWB

Contract of Carriage: The AWB is a document that proves the existence of a shipping contract between the shipper and the airline, which commits to transporting the goods from the place of origin to the destination.

Description of the Goods: The air waybill provides a detailed description of the cargo, including information about the quantity, weight, and specifications of the goods. This enables accurate handling during transportation and delivery.

Conditions of Carriage: The document also sets out the conditions of transport, such as tariffs, modes of transportation, and any liability limitations. These conditions are generally standardized at the international level.

3. Non-Negotiable but Title Document

The AWB, while being an official transport document, is not a negotiable instrument. This means it cannot be transferred or sold like a commodity. However, the AWB serves as a title document, as it allows the consignee to collect the goods without presenting the original, provided they can prove they are the rightful entitled party.

4. Customs Aspects

The AWB also serves a customs function, as it must be presented to customs authorities during the import or export of goods. It helps authorities verify that the goods comply with local and international regulations, facilitating their clearance across borders.

5. Possibility of Insurance

The AWB can also be used as an insurance certificate. If the shipper has requested insurance coverage for risks related to the transportation of goods (damage, loss, theft, etc.), the document may include information regarding the insurance policy. In this case, the airline will act as an intermediary to cover the risks associated with the transportation.

6. Transport on Cargo and Scheduled Flights

The AWB can be issued for cargo flights, where the aircraft is dedicated exclusively to the transportation of goods, or for scheduled flights, where the goods are carried together with passengers. In both cases, the AWB is the document that governs the transport contract and the conditions of carriage of the goods.

7. Obligations and Rights of the Parties

The AWB establishes the obligations of the airline (such as liability for the goods during transportation) and of the various parties involved (shipper, consignee, freight forwarder). For example, the airline commits to delivering the goods to the consignee, while the shipper must provide accurate information about the goods.

What is the AWB Number?

The number The AWB (Air Waybill number) is a unique identifier assigned to each air waybill at the time of issuance. This number is essential for tracking and identifying the transportation of goods through the air cargo system and serves several functions in the shipping process. Let’s take a closer look at what it represents and how it is used.

1. Structure of the AWB Number

The AWB number consists of a series of numbers and letters that follow an internationally standardized structure. Typically, it has the following format:

Prefix (3 digits): The first three digits identify the airline issuing the air waybill. For example, the prefix “123” could belong to XYZ Airlines.

Serial Number (7 digits): This is followed by seven sequential numbers that uniquely identify each shipment. This number varies for every shipment made by the airline.

The AWB number therefore has a format like this: 123-4567890.

2. Function of the AWB Number

The AWB number has several practical and operational functions:

Unique Shipment Identification: The AWB number allows for the unique identification of a shipment, associating it with a specific cargo, consignee, and airline.

Shipment Tracking: Thanks to the AWB number, it is possible to track the status of the shipment throughout its entire journey, from the point of origin to the destination. The airline and freight forwarders can use this number to provide updates on the status of the goods.

Customs and Logistics Management: The AWB number is also used for customs formalities. Customs authorities, both during import and export, use the AWB number to record, monitor, and verify the transportation of goods.

Supporting Documentation: In case of issues such as loss or damage of goods, the AWB number becomes the primary reference for insurance claims or compensation requests.

INSIGHT INTO ROAD FREIGHT TRANSPORT

Why choose international road freight transport?

Door-to-Door Delivery
One of the main advantages of road freight transport is the possibility of direct deliveries. This approach eliminates the need for additional modes of transport, ensuring smooth and uninterrupted logistics.

Speed and Cost-Effectiveness
Road transport proves to be particularly fast and economical, especially for medium-distance routes. This mode of transport is ideal for those seeking quick solutions without compromising their budget.

Flexibility
Road transport offers significant flexibility in scheduling departures. This feature is essential for managing urgent shipments and accommodating varying needs.

Widespread Coverage
Thanks to the dense network of roads and highways, it is possible to organize deliveries to any location. The widespread coverage of the service ensures that goods arrive at their destination promptly and efficiently.

Choosing international road freight transport means opting for a reliable, economical, and flexible service, capable of meeting the demands of a dynamic market.

The C.M.R. Convention and Its Importance

The C.M.R. Convention (Convention on the Contract for the International Carriage of Goods by Road) is one of the most important legal instruments for regulating international road freight transport. The C.M.R. establishes the general conditions for the international road transport contract and governs the rights, duties, and responsibilities of the parties involved (shipper, carrier, and consignee). In this context, the International Consignment Note (or CMR, sometimes abbreviated as “CMR waybill“) is the document that certifies and formalizes the contract for the carriage of goods.

The C.M.R. Convention – Legal Foundations

The C.M.R. Convention was signed on May 19, 1956, in Geneva and came into force in 1961. It has since been ratified by over 50 countries, including many European Union members, Middle Eastern, and Asian countries, creating a uniform legal framework for international road transport.

Main Objectives of the C.M.R.:

•To harmonize laws related to international road transport.
•To establish the rights and obligation of shippers, carriers, and consignees in the context of cross-border transport.ns
•To regulate the carrier’s liability for loss, damage, or delay of the goods.
•To define the methods for resolving disputesrelated to international transport.

The CMR Consignment Note

The CMR Consignment Note is an essential document in international road freight transport, used to formalize the transport contract between the shipper(who may be the freight forwarder or the owner of the goods) and the carrier (the transport company). It contains all the necessary information for the proper execution of the shipment, such as the type of goods, the point of origin, the destination, the sender, and the consignee.

Contents of the CMR Consignment Note

The CMR Consignment Note must contain a series of mandatory details, including:

•Name and address of the shipper and the consignee.
•Detailed description of the goods, including quantities, weight, volume, and other significant characteristics.
•Point of origin and destination.
•Shipping conditions, such as the type of payment (prepaid or cash on delivery) and any special instructions for the carrier.
•Expected delivery date.
•Signature of the senderand the carrier (or their representatives).
•Numero della CMR, che è un identificativo unico per ciascuna spedizione.

The CMR consignment note can be issued in multiple copies (usually three originals), and each copy has a specific purpose: one for the sender, one for the carrier, and one for the recipient.

Functions of the CMR Consignment Note

The CMR consignment note has several functions in the context of international goods transport:

Contract of Carriage

The CMR serves as a contract of carriage between the sender and the carrier, establishing the conditions under which the goods will be transported. It is legal proof of the contract of carriage and the conditions accepted by the parties.

Documentation for the Carrier

The carrier uses the CMR consignment note to take charge of the goods and transport them to the final destination. The document serves as proof that the carrier has received the goods in the described condition and commits to transporting them to the destination, respecting the established conditions.

Proof of Delivery

At the end of the transport, the CMR consignment note also serves as proof of delivery of the goods to the recipient. This is particularly important in case of damage or disputes, as it allows determining whether the goods were delivered in the promised condition.

Complaint Tool

In case of damage or loss of goods, the CMR is the document on which compensation claims are based. The carrier’s liability for damage to goods during transport is governed by the CMR Convention and can be invoked if necessary.

Carrier’s Liability under the CMR

The carrier’s liability is one of the most crucial aspects of the CMR. The carrier is responsible for the loss, damage, or delay of goods during transport, unless they can prove that the damage was caused by circumstances exempt from liability, such as force majeure events, inherent defects in the goods, or actions by the sender themselves.

The carrier’s liability is generally limited by a compensation cap, which depends on the weight of the goods. If the goods are damaged or lost, the convention provides that the compensation shall not exceed a certain amount per kilogram of the damaged or lost goods.

Limitations and Exemptions of the Carrier’s Liability

According to the C.M.R. Convention, the carrier may limit their liability in certain circumstances, including:

•Force majeur, such as natural disasters, wars, or acts of terrorism.
•Shipper’s fault, such as providing incorrect information or insufficient packaging.
•DIntrinsic defects of the goods, meaning damage caused by the natural characteristics of the goods themselves (e.g., fragility).

However, the carrier cannot be exempt from liability for negligence or breaches of contractual terms.

Multimodal Transport and the CMR

In some situations, the CMR consignment note is also used in the context of multimodal transport, where the goods are transported using a combination of transport modes (road, sea, rail, etc.). In this case, the CMR covers only the part of the transport carried out by road. If the transport involves multiple modes, other documents may be required, such as the Bill of Lading for sea transport or the Consignment Note for rail transport.

The transport document (DDT)

The Transport Document, more commonly known as DDT, is an accounting document that accompanies incoming goods.

or leaving the warehouse, and consequently allows for the proper management of loading and unloading of the stored items.

The DDT was introduced by DPR 472/96 as a replacement for the document called Bolla Accompagnatoria, which was used until 1996.

It is used to justify the movement of goods.

Since the transport document serves to justify the transfer of goods between two parties (transferor and transferee),

it must be issued (in duplicate) strictly before the shipment of the goods, regardless of which party carries out

the transport. The transport can be carried out:

by the shipper (or transferor);

by the receiver (or transferee);

by the carrier (or hauler);

The delivery note (DDT) must be used mandatorily in the following cases:

issuance of deferred invoice;
sale of goods with transportation;
transfer of goods, even if not subject to sale;
foreign sales transactions.

FTL and LTL: Full Truckload and Less Than Truckload Road Freight Transport

FTL and LTL: The Two Loading Methods in Road Freight Transport

In road transport, just like in sea and air freight, there are two main methods of cargo handling:

FTL (Full Truck Load) – Full Load

LTL (Less Than Truck Load) – Partial Load or Groupage

FTL – FULL TRUCK LOAD (FULL LOAD)

FTL transport refers to a full load for a single customer. In this case, the entire vehicle (truck, lorry, etc.) is used exclusively for one shipment, which travels to a single destination.

Main Features of FTL:

Dedicated Vehicle: The vehicle is entirely dedicated to the load of a single customer, so there are no other shipments destined for different locations.

No Cargo Transfer: During transport, no transshipments or vehicle changes are planned, which reduces the risk of damage or loss of goods.

Direct shipments: The cargo does not make intermediate stops, arriving directly at the final destination, which reduces delivery times.

Advantages of FTL:

Cost optimization for large quantities of material: It is ideal when shipping large volumes of goods, as it allows you to make the most of the vehicle’s capacity.

Short transit time: Since the cargo is not transferred, the transport is direct, reducing transit time and improving efficiency.

Ideal for delicate or high-risk loads: The goods are handled exclusively, so they are less exposed to damage or loss. It is especially suitable for fragile or high-value items.

Logistical simplicity: Load management is simplified because it’s not necessary to organize groupage with other shipments or handle complications related to transshipment.

When to use FTL? FTL is more convenient when:

The goods are large in volume or heavy in weight.

There is a need for fast delivery times.

The goods are delicate and must be handled with the utmost care.

The customer prefers not to share the transport with other shipments.

LTL – LESS THAN TRUCKLOAD (PARTIAL LOAD)

LTL transport means that the load does not occupy the entire truck, but only a portion of its space. In this case, the truck is used by multiple shippers to carry loads of different sizes and destinations.

Main characteristics of LTL:

Shared load: Multiple shipments are combined within the same vehicle, with each load destined for a different destination.

Transshipments: Since multiple destinations are involved, the load is often transferred between different vehicles during the journey.

Advantages of LTL:

Cost-effective for small shipments: It is ideal for small shipments that do not justify the use of an entire truck.

Flexibility: It is possible to ship small quantities of goods without having to pay for an entire truck.

Accessibility: It allows small and medium-sized businesses to access international transport services without having to manage a full truckload.

When to use LTL? LTL is more advantageous when:

The quantities of goods are relatively small.

Delivery time is not an absolute priority.

You want to save on transportation costs by avoiding renting an entire truck.

What Are Your Logistics Needs? Contact Us for a Customized Consultation!

Types of Trucks for Road Transport

Types of trucks for road transport

Trucks, more commonly known as “lorries” or “trucks,” are all vehicles designed for the transport of goods with at least four wheels. Different types of trucks are categorized according to the international truck classification and are divided into:

Category N: vehicles intended for the transport of goods that have at least four wheels;

Category N1: types of trucks with a maximum weight not exceeding 3.5 tonnes;

Category N2: trucks with a maximum weight between 3.5 and 12 tonnes;

Category N3: types of trucks with a maximum weight exceeding 12 tonnes.

Most common types of trucks

Vans – Vans are part of the truck family, although smaller in size and lighter in weight. They are characterized by having the cabin and cargo area integrated into the body.

Truck – A truck is a vehicle used to transport goods independently, equipped with its own propulsion, capable of moving without the assistance of other vehicles.

The truck can have the driver’s cabin either integrated or separate from the cargo bed, which can be either enclosed or covered with a tarp. In refrigerated trucks, the cargo compartment consists of a well-sealed refrigerator, accessible through a rear door equipped with a handle or that can be opened automatically.

Road train: A road train consists of a motorized truck connected to one or more non-motorized trailers.

The trailers are connected to each other and to the truck through a system of hooks and drawbars.

Articulated truck: The articulated truck, or semi-trailer truck, consists of a tractor unit that, instead of a cargo area, has a fifth wheel on which a semi-trailer (non-motorized) is placed and secured for transporting goods.

The tractor unit can be light if it has a weight up to 3.5 tonnes, or heavy if its weight exceeds 3.5 tonnes.

Car transporter: A car transporter is a double-decker truck equipped with a ramp, specifically designed for transporting cars or other vehicles.

Refrigerated truck: A refrigerated truck is a vehicle equipped with a rear refrigeration compartment. The refrigerated truck can be a truck, a road train, an articulated truck, a van, or a pickup. It is ideal for transporting food and perishable goods.

Tanker truck: The tanker truck, in its articulated truck or road train version, is characterized by a tank designed differently depending on the specific cargo (e.g., food products or flammable materials).

INSIGHTS ON RAIL TRANSPORT

Why choose rail transport?

Rail transport offers numerous advantages that make it a preferred choice. Here are some of the main reasons:

Fast transit times: Compared to maritime transport, rail transport offers faster transit times. Although air transport is the quickest, it is often not practical for shipping large volumes of goods.

Cost-effectiveness for long distances: Rail transport proves particularly advantageous for long-distance shipments, ensuring efficiency and reliability.

High security: Rail transport is known for being safe, reducing the risk of theft and damage to goods during transit.

Extensive rail network: Well-developed rail networks provide widespread coverage and connections.

Road traffic decongestion: Choosing rail transport helps reduce road traffic, easing congestion and improving the flow of land transportation.

Environmental sustainability: Rail transport is an eco-friendly solution, with significantly lower CO2 emissions compared to other modes of transport, such as road transport.

Handling capacity: Railways allow the movement of large quantities of goods over long distances, making them ideal for transfers between ports and inland areas.

Choosing rail transport not only means adopting an efficient logistics solution but also contributing to a more sustainable future.

FCL and LCL, rail freight transport as full load or groupage

Within freight trains, it is possible to ship goods using either the FCL (Full Container Load) or LCL (Less than Container Load) options.
In the first case, with a “full load” transport, the customer books and uses an entire container, while in the case of “less than full loads,” the goods travel on pallets inside a container shared with other customers. The shipping cost is therefore divided among the customers based on the space occupied. When the space used is less than a full container, it is referred to as Less than Container Load.
The container remains the most commonly used type for rail transport, as it allows easy transshipment in the case of intermodal transport, without the need to move the goods into a different container to continue the journey by road or sea, resulting in savings in terms of time and costs.

Most commonly used types of containers in rail freight transport

Containers used in rail transport come in different types, depending on the type of goods to be shipped.
The basic unit is the 40-foot container, which is just over 12 meters in length. There are also 40-foot High Cube versions, which reach a height of 2,896 mm, and 40-foot Open Top containers for oversized goods taller than a standard container.
Smaller 20-foot containers, approximately 6 meters long, are also used in Standard, Upgraded, and Open Top variants.

How much does it cost to ship goods by train?

As with any shipment, shipping by train also varies based on several influencing factors. The first, as you might expect, concerns the weight and volume of the goods to be shipped. The bulkier and heavier the shipment, the higher the price will be. At the same time, however, the type of items being shipped also affects the transport cost. Besides the nature of the goods, another factor to keep in mind is the distance between the departure and arrival locations. https://www.lesaminternational.it/blog/spedizioni-commerciali-treno-vantaggi

Combined or multimodal service

The combined or multimodal transport service combines different modes of transport—road, rail, and sea—into a single logistics solution, using the same “container,” whether it’s a container, a swap body, or a semi-trailer, without any cargo handling during transfers.

Multimodal transport allows combining the low economic and environmental impact of rail transport with other more flexible solutions that will ensure you reach your destination.

Combined freight transport between countries of the European Union (Union) refers to the Combined freight transport between countries of the European Union (Union) refers to Directive 92/106/EEC. according to which:

the vehicle or trailer uses the road in the initial or final part of the journey; and in the other part, railway services, inland waterways, or maritime services are used if this section exceeds 100 km in a straight line; and

performs the initial or final leg of the road transport journey.

between the point where the goods are loaded and the nearest suitable railway loading station for the initial leg, and between the nearest appropriate railway unloading stations and the point where the goods are unloaded for the final leg, or

within a radius not exceeding 150 km as the crow flies from the inland waterway port or seaport of loading or unloading.

The maximum authorized dimensions and weights for vehicles undertaking cross-border journeys are defined by Directive 96/53/EC (see the summary).

Unlike intermodal transport, where the different modes are deeply integrated and managed by a single entity overseeing the entire logistics chain, in multimodal transport the various modes are not closely integrated, and there is no centralized coordination or control of the entire transport process.

CUSTOMS INSIGHTS

Authorized Exporter Status

The figure of the Authorized Exporter is that of an economic operator who has obtained this status from the territorial Customs Office and can self-certify the origin of their products directly on the invoice or another commercial document.

Considering the cancellation of the prior validation requirement for preferential origin certificates (EUR.1, EUR.MED, and A.TR) starting from April 1, 2022, the status of Authorized Exporter significantly simplifies the entire customs procedure.

The possibility of prior validation of movement certificates was indeed introduced for operators authorized under the domiciliation procedure to avoid requiring those operators, who do not hold the status of Authorized Exporter, to visit the customs office each time to request the issuance of movement certificates.

Acquisition of Authorized Exporter Status

An economic operator wishing to acquire the status of Authorized Exporter must submit a written application to the competent customs office by downloading the appropriate forms from the Customs Agency’s website. The application must specify exactly the countries for which the status is sought and the customs tariff codes for which preferential origin certification is intended. It is possible to submit a single application covering multiple countries and/or agreements.

The standard and necessary requirements for the proper submission of the application and obtaining the status of Authorized Exporter are:

Exports already carried out to the countries covered by the application (with the exception of South Korea, for which it is necessary to obtain Authorized Exporter status, as the EUR.1 certificate is not accepted);
Preferential origin of the exported goods

Producers and traders can apply for Authorized Exporter status.

REX System

Since September 21, 2017, the day the Free Trade Agreement between the European Union and Canada (CETA) came into effect, the REX system has been introduced. The REX system is essentially a new database where exporters can register by submitting a specific application to the competent territorial Customs office.

Once the registration number has been obtained, it will be possible to declare the preferential origin of the goods directly on commercial invoices. Please note that countries participating in the REX system do not accept the EUR.1 certificate of origin.

Following the CETA agreement, another important agreement, JEFTA, between the European Union and Japan came into effect on February 1, 2019; from January 1, 2020, the OCTs (Overseas Countries and Territories) and subsequently Vietnam, the United Kingdom, and Singapore also joined the REX system.

ATA Carnet

The ATA Carnet (Admission Temporaire – Temporary Admission) is an international customs document issued by Chambers of Commerce that allows the temporary export of goods intended for fairs and exhibitions, professional equipment, or commercial samples to countries outside the European Community that are parties to the ATA Convention, as well as to certain territories of EU member states.

It allows the payment of customs duties and VAT to be waived, provided that the goods are re-imported within the time limits specified in the carnet. It represents a useful alternative to the standard customs procedures for temporary export and import, simplifying clearance operations and exempting the holder from the obligation to deposit a guarantee or the amount of customs duties with the customs authorities of the country of temporary importation as security against non-re-exportation of the goods.

Validity

The carnet is valid for 12 months from the date of issue and must be returned to the issuing Chamber of Commerce at the end of its use, or in any case within 8 days of the expiry date, even if unused, complete with all coupons (counterfoils) related to the used or unused vouchers (detachable sheets).

Types of Carnets

Basic ATA Carnet

– It allows for only two trips abroad;

– It does not allow the addition of extra internal sheets;

-It expires once the authorized operations allowed by the allocated booklet are completed, regardless of the expiration date.

Standard ATA Carnet

– It allows for four or more trips;

– It allows the addition of extra internal sheets during the validity period of the carnet.

CPD Carnet China-Taiwan

– Valid for the temporary export or transit of goods only in Taiwan (China has, in fact, adhered to the ATA Convention).

Exportable and Non-Exportable Goods

Goods exportable with an ATA Carnet include: professional equipment, commercial samples, and goods intended for fairs, exhibitions, and similar events (excluding food products).

Some countries have adhered to the ATA Convention only for certain types of goods; it is advisable to check the possibility of temporary export by consulting the Unioncamere website.

Non-exportable goods include: consumable materials, leaflets, perishable products, goods intended for processing or repair, and promotional items (gadgets). For the export of these types of goods, it is necessary to contact the competent customs authorities.

Legal References

Customs Convention on the ATA Carnet for the Temporary Admission of Goods

Istanbul Convention of June 26, 1990, ratified in Italy by Law No. 479 of October 26, 1995, and subsequent amendments.

Transit Documents (T1, T2, T2L)

Transit documents such as T1, T2, and T2L are customs documents used for transporting goods under a transit regime. This allows goods to be moved between different countries, both within the European Union (EU) and between the EU and third countries, without immediate payment of customs duties or VAT.

T1 document

The T1 document is issued when goods not originating within the European Union transit through its territory

to reach a third non-EU country.

T2L document

It is a document certifying the free movement of goods within the European Union and is used when goods need to be transported to

territories of EU member countries that are not part of the continental territory of the European Union. These territories are

for example, the Canary Islands (Spain), the Azores Islands (Portugal), the overseas territories of the Caribbean and Pacific of France, and

and Great Britain.

Essentially, the T2L document is required when goods originating from continental Europe need to reach a European island, or

or vice versa, when goods from an EU island need to reach a country in continental Europe, crossing international waters.

This document certifies the Union status of the goods. It is issued by the customs authority of the exporting EU member state.

It accompanies the goods until they reach the other EU member state.

T2 Document

The T2 (NCTS) is an electronic document issued by a customs office (Office of Departure) and addressed to another customs office (Office of

Destination). The T2 is assigned a number called the MRN (Movement Reference Number), which is unique across the European Union and recognized throughout its entire territory.

(The code T1 appears in Box 1 of the SAD form – Single Administrative Document). The T2 is used when a shipment

involves goods in free circulation within the EU that need to transit through non-EU territories or reach special territories while maintaining their Union status.

(For example: a shipment from Italy to Germany transiting through Switzerland).

The T2 is used for intra-Community shipments between the European Union and the Republic of San Marino because this State

is not part of the EU customs territory, even though it is considered a member for certain purposes.

No customs documents are required for direct trade between Italy and San Marino.

Shipments from Italy to Africa: issuance of traceability documents (BESC, BSC, etc.)

Many African countries require a cargo waiver or tracking document. Depending on the destination country, this document has different names and procedures.

This document serves as a means to track the cargo, providing essential details about the shipment such as origin, destination, and transit specifics. Its main function is to simplify customs clearance and monitor the movement of goods, thereby ensuring compliance with import regulations.

Country-Specific Requirements

Each country has its own specific requirements for BESC certification. These requirements can vary significantly,

therefore, it is essential to be well informed about the regulations of the destination country.

Download below the updated list of African countries requiring the traceability document.

https://www.asianlogistics.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/LISTA-PAESI-AFRICANI-ECTN-BESC-3.pdf

CITES License

The CITES permit is a document that accompanies the import, export, and re-export of products derived from species protected under the CITES Convention (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora). This mandatory permit is used to demonstrate that the specimen of the protected species is legal and compatible with the sustainability of the species concerned.

Some wild animal species can indeed be traded legally, but many require permits to cross international borders. Over 6,610 animal species, subspecies, and populations, and over 34,310 plant species, subspecies, and populations are listed under CITES.

A CITES permit may be required if you transport plants or animals listed under CITES, or their parts or derivatives, out of the country. For example:

Wildlife specimens
Exotic animals
Hunting trophies

Check if your wildlife species is listed under CITES

Which CITES documents must the shipper provide?

The sender is responsible for providing a CITES export certificate. We recommend requesting it well in advance of the shipment, even before finalizing the sale.

Make sure that the scientific name of the animal or plant listed on the CITES certificate matches the one indicated on the commercial invoice. The CITES certificate number must also be included on the commercial invoice.

How are CITES certificates requested?

Each country has its own local CITES government agency that requires specific procedures for requesting permits, which can be found online. Contact details for the CITES authorities are available in the CITES directory.

Starting from March 1, 2024, CITES license applications must be submitted to the CITES Carabinieri Office located in the area where the legal headquarters of the applying company is situated.

Where must the CITES certificate be affixed?

The original CITES certificate must be included inside the shipment. The sender must provide a digital copy to both the recipient and the courier.

How should packages containing CITES products be labeled?

Packaging containing CITES-listed products must be clearly labeled on the outside. The courier will likely be able to provide you with the appropriate yellow CITES stickers.

Which CITES documents must the recipient provide?

If you need to import CITES goods, ask the sender well in advance to provide you with a copy of the CITES export permit. This will be necessary to apply for the CITES import permit with your national CITES authorities.

Customs clearance of CITES goods

Provide the carrier with the original copy of the CITES permit before the shipment arrives at customs.

Customs inspections can take a long time, so be prepared.

Once the shipment arrives at customs, it is no longer possible to request the CITES certificate. Goods with missing, late, or incorrect documents will be confiscated.

EUR.1, EUR-MED, and ATR Certificates

The EUR 1, EUR MED, and ATR movement certificates are documents used to certify the preferential origin of goods in export operations to non-EU countries that have signed free trade agreements (FTAs) with the European Union, allowing the customer to either avoid paying import duties or pay reduced duties.

The certificates can be replaced by a declaration of origin on the exporter’s invoice, provided that one of the following conditions is met:

shipments are valued at less than 6,000 euros

the company holds AEO status

the company holds Authorized Exporter status

the company is a Registered Exporter under the REX system (for exports to Canada and Japan).

For those who do not fall under the cases listed above, it is necessary to issue a certificate that must include the elements of the export declaration: EUR 1, EUR MED for the use of the Pan-Euro-Mediterranean Convention, and ATR for Turkey.

Issuance of EUR 1 and EUR MED certificates

The EUR 1 and EUR MED movement certificates are documents issued by the Customs Agency to certify the preferential EU origin of goods destined for non-EU countries that have signed free trade agreements (FTAs) with the European Union, allowing the customer to either avoid paying import duties or pay reduced duties.

Goods are considered to have preferential origin only if they are:

Born and entirely produced in a community country;
Sufficiently worked or processed in a European Union country (this processing is specifically regulated by dedicated legislation).

EUR1 movement certificate

To issue the EUR1 certificate, it is necessary to have the preferential origin declaration, through which the exporter declares that their goods have preferential origin, as provided by the EU’s bilateral agreements.

The freight forwarder, acting as an intermediary, provides the exporter with a mandate to complete, which will be used by the export customs office to issue the EUR1 certificate.

The document will then be presented in its original form to the customs operator of the importing country to benefit from the exemption or reduction of customs duties in the destination country.

If the EUR1 movement certificate is not issued at the time of export, it can be issued retroactively upon submission of a specific request detailing the reasons for the application and explaining why the document was not requested and issued at the time of shipment.

Authorized exporter, AEO status, or Registered Exporter under the REX system

EUR 1 movement certificates can be replaced by a declaration of origin on the exporter’s invoice, provided that one of the following conditions is met:

•The value of the goods is less than 6,000 euros.
•The company holds Authorized Exporter status.
•The company holds AEO (Authorized Economic Operator) status.
•The company is a Registered Exporter under the REX system (for exports to Canada and Japan).

Check out our EUR1 country list! (LINK)

EUR MED movement certificate

The EUR MED movement certificate, which replaced the EUR 1, is the document created for the application of the “PANEUROMEDITERRANEAN” cumulation,

established for all countries in the Paneuromediterranean area (Pan-European area + Mediterranean area: Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Norway, Iceland, Turkey,

Algeria, Tunisia, Morocco, Faroe Islands, Israel, West Bank, Gaza Strip, Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria), where the following must be applied

rules of origin that are identical and whose adoption in the individual countries is still underway.

Its appearance resembles that of the EUR 1 and differs only in the certification, added in box 7, regarding the application

of the Paneuromediterranean cumulation.

In general, it can always be issued (provided the conditions for its issuance are met) as an alternative to the EUR 1 and by choice.

by the interested operator; however, there are cases where its issuance is mandatory.

Conditions for issuance:

The EUR MED certificate can be issued:

When the export is made to a country in the Pan-Euro-Mediterranean (PEM) area,
when the export is made to other countries, but re-exportation (even after processing) to a country in the PEM area is planned. In such case –
Evidently – the request must come from the recipient of the export, who must necessarily be aware of the subsequent destination of the goods;
when the goods have benefited from PEM cumulation or when the goods can be used for the application of PEM cumulation in the country
of destination

All of the above conditions must be met at the time of issuance.

Mandatory use of EUR-MED

The use of EUR‑MED (or an EUR‑MED declaration on the invoice) is mandatory, pursuant to the third subtitle of the explanatory notes to the Pan-Euro-Mediterranean protocols:

when the product originates in a country of the Euro-Mediterranean area and cumulation has been applied with the Faroe Islands or

with one of the Mediterranean countries excluding Turkey (Algeria, Tunisia, Morocco, Israel, West Bank, Gaza Strip, Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon, and Syria);
B. The use of the EUR.1 certificate (or an invoice declaration) is mandatory when the conditions for issuing an EUR‑MED are not met.

Issuance of the ATR Movement Certificate

The ATR certificate differs from the EUR.1 certificate in that it does not certify the preferential origin of the goods, but rather their “free circulation.” This means that the certificate confirms that the goods have been entirely produced in, or legally released for free circulation in, one of the member states of the EU–Turkey Customs Union. In other words, the ATR certificate does not provide information about the origin of the goods.

With the ATR certificate, goods that have been entirely produced or are in free circulation within the market can benefit from duty exemptions both upon entry into Turkey and into the EU. It is important to note that the EU-Turkey Customs Union applies exclusively to industrial products and processed agricultural products. Unprocessed agricultural products and carbon steel products regulated by the ECSC (European Coal and Steel Community) Agreement are excluded from this agreement. For these products, duty reductions are granted in both the EU and Turkey only if they comply with preferential origin rules based on sufficient processing.

Therefore, to benefit from customs advantages for these specific products, it is necessary to issue an EUR.1 certificate in the context of trade between the EU and Turkey.

Customs Warehouse

Types of Customs Warehousing

Customs warehouses are classified into two categories based on their ownership:

•Private customs warehouse: for the exclusive use of the authorized individual or company. It is also intended to store goods belonging solely to the warehouse keeper.
•Public customs warehouse: it can be managed by private entities or by the public administration and, unlike the previous case, any company can use it. The person responsible for ensuring that the goods comply with regulations can be the warehouse keeper (the individual or company authorized to manage the warehouse), the depositor (the individual or company depositing the goods), or the customs authorities.

Regardless of the type of customs warehouse, its function is the same: to store goods for an unlimited period

until a destination is assigned to them.

THE ADVANTAGES OF STORAGE IN A BONDED WAREHOUSE

Goods can be placed in our private customs warehouses under temporary custody (A3) and direct custody (A4) regimes.

The A3 warehouse (or temporary custody warehouse) is where unloaded goods can remain for a maximum of 90 days, after which they must either be transferred to an A4 warehouse, be cleared for free circulation, or be removed from the warehouse to be cleared at another customs office.

The A4 warehouse (or customs warehouse) is a storage facility where goods can remain for an unlimited period and be suspended from VAT and duties until they are cleared for free circulation.

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

International shipments with letter of credit

(https://www.asianlogistics.net/en/international-shipments-with-letters-of-credit/)

In international trade, the Letter of Credit is often used as a payment method. It is considered one of the safest instruments as it offers greater protection to both the seller and the buyer, striking a fair balance between their respective needs—especially when the buyer comes from a country with a high “country risk.”

First of all, there are four parties involved in this type of transaction:

•The Buyer (also known as the “Applicant”), who instructs their bank to open a credit in favor of the seller by issuing the letter of credit;
•The Seller (also known as the “Beneficiary”), who exports the goods and is the beneficiary of the letter of credit;
•The Issuing Bank (also known as the “Issuing Bank”), which is the bank that actually issues the letter of credit and forwards it to the advising bank;
•The Advising Bank (also known as the “Advising Bank”), which is the bank responsible for notifying the seller of the receipt of the letter of credit issued in their favor.

Three most relevant features of the letter of credit:

•The Letter of Credit shifts the payment obligation from the buyer to a bank—that is, to a more reliable party in terms of solvency;
•With the Letter of Credit, payment is conditional upon the presentation of documents proving the shipment of the goods;
•The negotiation of the Letter of Credit is based solely on the documents presented and not on the inspection of the shipped goods.

The legal clauses of basic letters of credit are subject to regular standardization by the Banking Commission of the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC).

Some useful tips

To avoid problems and damages at the time of shipment, we recommend to:

•Verify that the Letter of Credit is “irrevocable, confirmed, at sight.”
•Carefully review the Letter of Credit as soon as it is notified by the confirming bank, and, if necessary, promptly request an amendment.
•Verify that the terms of sale and the amount correspond to what was ordered.
•Verificare che le ragioni sociali e gli indirizzi siano corretti (identici a come appaiono nei documenti)
•Ensure that the delivery terms (Incoterms) are correct and conform to what was agreed. Additionally, the delivery term indicated on the invoice must match the one specified in the Letter of Credit in the goods description field (45A).
•Verify that you can produce all the documentation fully compliant with the requirements of the Letter of Credit. Also, be careful to submit the correct number of originals and copies, avoid documents with inconsistent data, missing signatures where required, omission of the L/C number, etc.
•Verificare che la data di scadenza della LC ((campo 31D) sia compatibile con il tempo necessario alla preparazione di tutti i documenti richiesti (tenendo conto che molti documenti sono emessi dallo spedizioniere, dalla compagnia d’assicurazione, dalla Camera di Commercio, dalla società di collaudo, ecc.)
•Prestare attenzione a non presentare i documenti di trasporto in originale previsti dal credito documentario in ritardo, ovvero oltre i giorni indicati nel campo 48 (per normativa sono 21, ma possono essere ridotti o aumentati previo accordo tra le parti); per quanto riguardo la Polizza di Carico (Bill of lading) attenzione a precisare se il nolo sia prepagato o pagabile a destino (prepaid o collect), con annotazione on board assente, vettore non identificato, correzioni non autenticate ecc..
•Verify that the shipment date (ON BOARD on the bill of lading) can be met without difficulty. The latest allowed shipment date (field 44C) must be compatible with the available transport service (e.g. vessel/aircraft departure dates).
• Verify that the port/airport of departure and the port/airport of arrival indicated in the transport document match those specified in the Letter of Credit (fields 44E/44F).
•Pay close attention to ensure that the goods description is identical to that indicated on the invoice and throughout all documentation (field 45A of the SWIFT message).
•Be careful not to make partial shipments when the credit does not allow it (field 43P).
•Verify that the insurance coverage is not expressed in a currency different from that of the Letter of Credit.
•Be careful not to present a document (policy or certificate) different from the one required in the Letter of Credit, not to omit the endorsement if needed, not to have the insurance coverage start after the date of shipment or on-board date, not to authenticate corrections, etc.

This is undoubtedly a complex topic that requires further examination.

For this reason, if you have any doubts during the negotiation phase of the letter of credit with the customer, please do not hesitate to contact us for consultation. We are available to review the draft.

Cross-border waste transport

In the current global context, waste management represents a crucial challenge for environmental sustainability. Transboundary waste shipments involve the movement of waste between two or more countries. They are a key element in ensuring that materials are disposed of, recycled, and reused responsibly.

International waste shipments, a complex and sensitive matter, are generally regulated by the following legislation:

Regulation (EC) No. 1013/2006Regulation (EC) No. [number]: concerning shipments of waste

Basel Convention of 22 March 1989: concerning the control of transboundary movements of hazardous wastes and their disposal

OECD Council Decision No. 107 of 2001: concerning the revision of No. C(92) 39/Final on the control of transboundary movements of wastes destined for recovery operations

EC Directive 98/2008: concerning waste and repealing certain directives

Legislative Decree 152 of 2006: environmental regulations

Regulation (EC) No. 1418/2007: concerning the export of certain wastes destined for recovery, listed in Annex III or III A of Regulation (EC) No. 1013/2006, to certain countries to which the OECD Decision on the control of transboundary movements of wastes does not apply

Regulation (EC) No. 669/2008: amends Annex IC of Regulation (EC) No. 1013/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council concerning shipments of waste

Regulation (EC) No. 413/2010: introduces certain amendments to Regulation (EC) No. 1013/2006 (transboundary shipments)

Regulation (EC) No. 837/2010: partially amends Regulation (EC) No. 1418/2007 (waste export)

Regulation (EC) No. 664/2011: introduces certain amendments to Regulation (EC) No. 1013/2006 (waste shipments)

Regulation (EC) No. 255/2013: introduces amendments to Annexes IC, VII, and VIII of Regulation (EC) No. n. 1013/2006. 1013/2006

(Annexes available in the download section)

Trust us to handle your transboundary waste shipments. Our experience in the sector allows us to offer you a personalized service, including consultancy, document management, and shipment traceability. Discover how we can support you in achieving a more sustainable material lifecycle that complies with international regulations.

Classification of dangerous goods: 9 classes

Classification of dangerous goods: 9 classes

Dangerous goods are divided into 9 classes, each with specific characteristics and regulations to follow. Here is an overview of the 9 classes of dangerous goods that must be known during the shipping process:

Class 1: Explosives

Includes explosive substances and articles, such as fireworks and ammunition. Their shipment requires special authorizations and certified packaging.

Class 2: Gases

Includes compressed, liquefied, and dissolved gases. It is divided into three categories: flammable gases, non-flammable gases, and toxic gases.

Class 3: Flammable liquids

Includes liquids with a low flash point, such as solvents and fuels. Adequate ventilation and appropriate containers are essential.

Class 4: Flammable solids

Includes solids that may ignite spontaneously or cause fires, such as powders or fibrous materials.

Class 5: Oxidizing substances and organic peroxides

Includes substances that, when in contact with flammable materials, can cause fires. Organic peroxides present an explosive risk.

Class 6: Toxic and infectious substances

This class includes substances that can cause harmful effects on human health, including biological and microbiological agents.

Class 7: Radioactive materials

Includes materials that emit ionizing radiation; they require special precautions and proper packaging.

Class 8: Corrosive substances

Covers chemical substances that can corrode materials or cause burns, such as strong acids and bases.

Class 9: Miscellaneous dangerous substances and articles

Includes substances that, while not classified under other classes, may pose a danger during transport, such as waste or hazardous articles.

To ensure safety and compliance with international regulations, it is essential to work with experts in the field of dangerous goods shipping. Our company offers specialized services, relieving our clients of bureaucratic complications and ensuring safe and timely shipments.

Wiki Asian

In-Depth Insights on Key Topics in International Shipping

THE ROLE OF THE FREIGHT FORWARDER

IN-DEPTH INSIGHT ON SEA TRANSPORT

DETAILED INSIGHT INTO AIR FREIGHT TRANSPORTATION

INSIGHT INTO ROAD FREIGHT TRANSPORT

INSIGHTS ON RAIL TRANSPORT

CUSTOMS INSIGHTS

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

ASIAN LOGISTICS AGENCIES S.R.L.

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